inclusion
- Subtitles and sign language clarify or translate speech and sound for deaf and hearing impaired viewers.
- Dubbing or subtitles might be used to translate speech into other languages.
- Audio Description helps blind and visually impaired people to understand what is happening on screen when the dialogue and soundtrack do not already make this clear.
For each of these options, the filmmaker has to consider how much information is already available to the audience. They need to plan the positioning of subtitles and signing on screen, taking into account any other text and the danger of distracting people from a visual incident. Timing is also crucial.
Similarly audio description has to be timed to fit in with the dialogue, sound effects and music, and matched appropriately with the action.
information
a modern news channel
Sometimes you might have a live studio report delivering spoken news, with pre-recorded images backing up that story, together with a strapline telling you that they are library pictures. And all the while, separate headlines are scrolling across the screen, there’s a clock in the corner, and the logo for the channel.
At other times you might have moving graphics, maps and diagrams, the photograph of a reporter sending a spoken report from a war zone, the voice of an interpreter over a picture of an eyewitness, or the scrolling opinions of viewers sent in by text and email.
Commercials, documentaries, gameshows and competitions, comedy sketch shows. All these use different combinations of images and sound.